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Salud bucal en pacientes en estado crítico
Resumen
Fundamento: La salud bucal y sus cuidados son importantes en la atención sanitaria de pacientes en estado crítico.
Objetivo: Proporcionar una visión general de los vínculos entre la salud bucal y los resultados adversos en la evolución de los pacientes en estado crítico.
Metodología: Esta revisión narrativa se realizó en Google Académico, PubMed/Medline y SciELO, con los descriptores salud bucal, cuidados críticos, respiración artificial y neumonía asociada al ventilador, consultados en el DeCS. Se seleccionaron artículos a texto completo en español e inglés de revistas arbitradas por pares y de los últimos 5 años.
Resultados: La disbiosis y la mala higiene bucales propician la aparición y desarrollo de enfermedades bucales que, a su vez, favorecen la incidencia de enfermedades respiratorias bajas como la neumonía asociada al ventilador en pacientes en estado crítico. Dentro de los factores vinculantes están la aspiración de secreciones bucales con bacterias patógenas que colonizan el tracto respiratorio inferior y los trastornos nutricionales que reducen el sistema defensivo. Aunque existen algunas discrepancias, la mayoría de los estudios apoyan las medidas de cuidado bucal en los pacientes en estado crítico.
Conclusiones: La salud y cuidados bucales son claves para un desenlace clínico más favorable en los pacientes en estado crítico.Palabras clave
Referencias
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